Logarithmic Detector Amplifier System for Use as High Sensitivity Selective Receiver Without Frequency Conversion

ABSTRACT

A logarithmic detector amplifying (LDA) system is provided for use as a high sensitivity receive booster or replacement for a low noise amplifier in a receive chain of a communication device. The LDA system includes an amplifying circuit configured to receive an input signal having a first frequency and generate an oscillation based on the input signal, a sampling circuit coupled to the amplifying circuit and configured to terminate the oscillation based on a predetermined threshold to periodically clamp and restart the oscillation to generate a series of pulses modulated by the oscillation and by the input signal, and one or more resonant circuits coupled with the amplifying circuit and configured to establish a frequency of operation and to generate an output signal having a second frequency, the second frequency being substantially the same as the first frequency.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/213,529, filed Mar. 14, 2014; which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C.§119(e) of Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 61/877,218, filedSep. 12, 2013, the contents of which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is related to the field of logarithmicamplifiers.

BACKGROUND

In many electronics applications, such as medical imaging, cellularcommunication, etc., it is desirable to be able to detect certainsignals at low power levels among noise or other unwanted signals.Conventional solutions include logarithmic amplifiers (“log amps”). Onecharacteristic of a log amp is that the output signal is a voltageproportional to the logarithm of the input signal, thereby making thelog amp capable of receiving low level input signals and logarithmicallyamplifying them for output without amplifying the noise or otherunwanted signals.

One class of log amps has multiple gain blocks, i.e., amplifiers,cascaded in series to achieve the logarithmic relationship. Due to theserial structure, differences in the performance of individualcomponents tend to have an effect on the overall performance of the logamp. For example, the dynamic range may be limited; that is, the voltageoutput for very high or very low input signals does not conform to thelogarithmic relationship. This can result in erroneous outputs for theseextreme input values.

SUMMARY

A logarithmic detector amplifying (LDA) system is described for use as ahigh sensitivity receive booster or replacement for a low noiseamplifier in a receive chain of a communication device. The LDA systemincludes an amplifying circuit configured to receive an input signal andgenerate an oscillation based on the input signal, a sampling circuitcoupled to the amplifying circuit and configured to terminate theoscillation based on a predetermined threshold to periodically clamp andrestart the oscillation to generate a series of pulses modulated by theoscillation and by the input signal, and one or more resonant circuitscoupled with the amplifying circuit and configured to establish afrequency of operation and output a signal having RF frequencies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a logarithmicdetector.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of an LDA system.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of an LDAsystem.

FIG. 4 illustrates a first embodiment of a communication device fortransmitting and receiving RF signals where the low noise amplifier(LNA) is replaced with the LDA system.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a circuit configuration of the LDAsystem.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a resonant circuit for outputting RFsignals without affecting the LDA properties.

FIG. 7A illustrates another embodiment of a resonant circuit foroutputting RF signals without affecting the LDA properties.

FIG. 7B illustrates an embodiment of a resonant circuit having adifferential input and a differential output for outputting RF signalswithout affecting the LDA properties.

FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of a circuit configuration of theLDA system, where the resonator circuit is coupled in parallel with theamplifying circuit as a feedback circuit.

FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a circuit configuration of theLDA system, where the resonator circuit is coupled in shunt with theamplifying circuit at the input side of the amplifying circuit.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a topology where the LDA system isimplemented in a phase lock loop (PLL).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

A new type of logarithmic detector is described herein. Examples ofstructures and implementations of existing logarithmic detectors aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,911,235, issued on Mar. 22, 2011, which isincorporated herein by reference. The logarithmic detector disclosedherein is further explained below with reference to the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the logarithmicdetector 100. In this embodiment, the input signal from the inputterminal, labeled INPUT, may be received by an amplifying circuit 104.The amplifying circuit 104 may be configured to amplify the input signaland may include any suitable amplifying element, such as an operationalamplifier, a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), a field-effecttransistor (FET) or other discrete transistor, a vacuum tube, a RFamplifier, and the like. Oscillation may be initiated in the amplifyingcircuit 104 in response to electrical noise and/or a desired signal. Theoscillation may be terminated periodically in response to the magnitudeof the input signal. A resonant circuit 108, which may be configured tobe a feedback circuit, may be coupled in parallel with the amplifyingcircuit 104 to control a frequency of operation. In the embodiment ofFIG. 1, the resonant circuit 108 may include a series LC circuit,wherein the L and C values may be selected to have a resonant frequencycorresponding to the frequency of operation of the logarithmic detector100. The oscillations may be set up in the amplifying circuit 104 at thefrequency determined by the L and C values. Thus, noise outside of theLC resonance may have a minimal effect on the operation of the LCcircuit. Input signals within the bandwidth of the LC resonance maycommence oscillation more rapidly than random noise alone. The factor ofmerit or factor Q of the circuit may be determined mostly by thecomponents used in the resonant circuit 108. A high-Q circuit may beachieved by use of a crystal resonator, for example, within the resonantcircuit 108. Frequency selectivity, the skirt ratio, overall LDAregeneration, and factor Q may also depend on other parameters, such asinstantaneous gain, one-cycle quenching gain, F_rep frequency, the valueof capacitor C1 in FIG. 5, and the amplifier's input bias level (voltageor current), among other possible parameters.

A sampling circuit 112 may be coupled to the amplifying circuit 104. Thesampling circuit 112 may be configured to effectively sample the currentflowing in the voltage supply line to the amplifying circuit 104; once apredetermined threshold is reached, the sampling circuit 112 may act tocease the oscillation. That is, the sampling circuit 112 may be used toperiodically interrupt the oscillation each time when the threshold isreached. A frequency to voltage convertor 116 may be coupled to thesampling circuit 112. The input to the frequency to voltage convertor116 may include a series of voltage spikes, denoted as F_rep as furtherdescribed herein, the frequency of which may vary substantially as thelogarithm of the power of the input signal. The OUTPUT from thefrequency to voltage convertor 116 may be a DC voltage that isproportional to the frequency of the input spikes.

In the case where the input signal is modulated, the OUTPUT of thefrequency to voltage converter 116 may include a DC voltage componentand an AC voltage component. The AC component may correspond to theinput modulation and effectively be a copy of the demodulated inputsignal in baseband.

The embodiment of the logarithmic detector explained above may beadapted in a variety of ways to be implemented for various electronicsapplications. A logarithmic detector amplifier (LDA) system may beprovided with certain basic properties and may be modified for suitableperformance enhancement in target applications. FIG. 2 is a blockdiagram illustrating an embodiment 200 of an LDA system. The LDA system200 may include an isolation circuit 204, a matching network 208, an LDAcore 212, a booster circuit 216, and a frequency to voltage converter220. The output may be coupled to the frequency to voltage converter 220in this example, as labeled OUTPUT 1. The booster circuit 216 and/or thefrequency to voltage converter 220 may be optional elements; one of themor both may be omitted depending on the target application. When the LDAsystem 200 does not include the booster circuit 216 and the frequency tovoltage converter 220, the output port may be placed directly off theLDA core 212, as represented by OUTPUT 2 in FIG. 2. The LDA core 212 mayinclude an amplifying circuit 224, a resonant circuit 228, and asampling circuit 232, which may be configured to operate and functionsimilarly to the amplifying circuit 104, the resonant circuit 108, andthe sampling circuit 112 of the logarithmic detector 100 of FIG. 1.

The isolation circuit 204 may be used to filter out power leaks,reflected signals from the LDA core 212, and other interference effectsfrom the surrounding circuits, in particular the Tx chain, to protectthe Rx chain and optimize regeneration. In particular, signals reflectedback from the LDA core input to the isolation circuit 204 with anunknown phase relative to the input signal may have a detrimental effecton signal regeneration when the regeneration buildup process issynchronous. With a reflected, out of phase signal mixing with the inputsignal, the regeneration process cannot be achieved as desired and poorperformance may result.

Leaked power may also find a way into the receiver input, likely anantenna, and be radiated as unwanted emission or EMI. The isolationcircuit 204 may include a circulator for such isolation purposes. Acirculator in the Rx chain may be configured to pass the Rx signals andshort out unwanted leaks and reflections to ground. A typical circulatorincludes a ferromagnetic element, such as ferrite, to correctnon-linearity. However, ferromagnetic elements are generally bulky andexpensive. Other types of circulators may include nano-ferromagneticstructures and metamaterials that permit a significant size reduction.Instead of a circulator, the isolation circuit 204 may be configured tohave a low noise amplifier (LNA) or any passive or active device, whichmay provide enhanced gain (for an active circuit), improved isolation,signal-to-noise ratio, and bandwidth. If attenuation of the input signaland/or reduction of noise figure are permitted, a resistive attenuator,a resistive splitter, a Wilkinson splitter, or a coupler may be used.The matching network 208 may be used for impedance matching and/or phasecorrection purposes. Based on a mechanism similar to the one explainedwith reference to FIG. 1, the LDA core 212 may output a series ofvoltage spikes, F_rep, the frequency of which varies substantially asthe logarithm of the power of the input signal. The signal F_rep may beoutputted from OUTPUT 2 or sent to the booster circuit 216 and/or thefrequency to voltage converter 220 to be further processed and outputtedfrom OUTPUT 1. The booster circuit 216 may include one or moretransistors or any other suitable amplifying components to amplify thesignal F_rep, for example, from about 100 mV to several Volts. Thebooster circuit may further include a Schmidt trigger circuit or anysimple digital circuit, such as a digital inverter, to digitize theamplified F_rep to obtain cleaner and sharper spikes. The output signalfrom the booster circuit 216 may be sent to the frequency to voltageconverter 220, where the signal is converted to a DC plus AC voltage,such as in an audio range, to be outputted from OUTPUT 1.

As mentioned earlier, the LDA system 200 may include certain basicproperties of the logarithmic detector as illustrated in FIG. 1, as wellas suitable performance enhancements for target applications. Forexample, the frequency of operation may be determined by selecting the Land C values in the resonant circuit; therefore, in conjunction with theLDA core amplifying circuit, high out-of-band rejection, high skirtratio, and high signal-to-noise ratio may be achieved by using the LDAsystem 200 as variously modified. That is, the LDA system 200 may beimplemented for highly frequency-selective applications. Furthermore,the sampling circuit may be used to periodically interrupt theoscillation each time when the threshold is reached, providing aself-quenching and time-dependent sampling function. Thus, theregeneration properties of the oscillations may be enhanced by the lowinstantaneous regenerative gain of the amplifying circuit and theclamping and restarting of the oscillations, giving rise to high Rxsensitivity. The low instantaneous regenerative gain of the amplifyingcircuit may be in the range of 1-5 in embodiments. However, the LDA gainover an entire cycle of regeneration may be substantially higher. Ingeneral it may be low to high and for instance in a range of −10 dB to+50 dB. As compared to a typical LNA, the signal-to-noise ratio may beenhanced, and the output received signal strength indicator (RSSI) levelmay become higher. This may be an advantage for the receive stages thatfollow or the communication device with which the LDA system 200 is usedsince less or no further amplification may be required. The LDA's Rxsensitivity may be increased by reducing the frequency bandwidth of theLDA core that may be achieved by using high Q components in the resonantcircuit, such as capacitors, inductors, SAW filters, BAW filters,ceramic resonators, mechanic resonators, etc. The high Q values forinductors and capacitors may be in the range of 25-200 in embodiments.In particular, the high Q values for a SAW filter, a BAW filter, aceramic filter, and a mechanic filter may be in the range of 500-20,000.

Embodiments may be able to regenerate a weak to strong receive signaland amplify it selectively with minimal noise addition without anyconversion of frequency that is usually associated with logarithmicamplifiers.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment 300 of an LDAsystem. The LDA system 300 may include an isolation circuit 304, amatching network 308, and an LDA core 312. The LDA core 312 may includean amplifying circuit 324, a resonant circuit 328, and a samplingcircuit 332, which are configured to operate and function similarly tothe amplifying circuit 104, the resonant circuit 108, and the samplingcircuit 112 of the logarithmic detector 100 of FIG. 1. OUTPUT A isequivalent to OUTPUT 2 of FIG. 2, where the LDA core 312 may output aseries of voltage spikes, F_rep. Alternatively, the F_rep may be leftopen here without being outputted. In the example 300 of the LDA system,the resonant circuit 328 may be configured to output RF signals throughOUTPUT B. The signal on OUTPUT B may be a substantially regenerated copyof the input signal for which the power level is higher, but thefrequency substantially the same, except that the output signal may besampled in time at a rate of the quenching frequency. Due to the timesampling, the frequency spectrum may look repetitive. In some cases, thequenching frequency pulses may be so little that the system acts as ifnot a quenching frequency and the output signal on OUTPUT B may appearcontinuous in time.

The isolation circuit 304 may be used to filter out power leaks,reflected signals and other interference effects from the surroundingcircuits, in particular the Tx chain, to protect the Rx chain and asexplained earlier to avoid the reduction of regeneration efficiency orradiated power leaks as EMI. The isolation circuit 304 may include acirculator for isolation purposes. Such a circulator in the Rx chain maybe configured to pass the Rx signals and short out unwanted leaks andreflections to ground. A typical circulator may include a ferromagneticelement, such as ferrite, to correct non-linearity. However,ferromagnetic elements are generally bulky and expensive. Other types ofcirculators may include nano-ferromagnetic structures and metamaterialsthat permit a significant reduction in size. Instead of a circulator,the isolation circuit 304 may be configured to have an LNA, or anypassive or active device, which may provide enhanced gain (for an activecircuit), isolation, signal-to-noise ratio, and bandwidth.

The matching network 308 may be used for impedance matching and/or phasecorrection purposes. Based on the mechanism similar to the one explainedwith reference to FIG. 1, the LDA core 312 may output a series ofvoltage spikes, F_rep. The F_rep may be outputted from OUTPUT A orsimply left open without being outputted.

By configuring the resonant circuit 328 so as to output RF signalsthrough OUTPUT B, the LDA system as illustrated in FIG. 3 may beimplemented for various RF applications, while providing enhancedperformance levels as compared to conventional RF communication devices.A substantial difference between the circuit of FIG. 3 and the circuitof FIG. 1 is that OUTPUT B in FIG. 3 carries a substantially identicalfrequency spectrum around the central frequency (ratio range ofsubstantially 0.05% to 20%), and at substantially the same centralfrequency, versus the INPUT signal. There is no frequency shift betweenthe INPUT and OUTPUT B, but there is a significant difference betweenthe frequency of the INPUT and OUTPUT A, with a frequency ratio in therange of substantially 0.01% to 10%. However, OUTPUT A may carry asubstantially identical frequency spectrum around the central frequencyof the INPUT versus the INPUT, but at a different frequency, such as alower intermediate frequency (IF). F_rep shall be greater than the INPUTfrequency spectrum in order for the frequency spectrum to besubstantially identical on OUTPUT A versus the INPUT. For instance, theINPUT frequency signal may be a 500 MHz sine wave that carries a BPSKmodulation of 1 Mbps occupying 1.5 MHz. The LDA may be designed toprovide a frequency of 500 MHz on OUTPUT B that carries the 1.5 MHz BPSKmodulation while OUTPUT A carries a repetition frequency F_rep of 5 MHzwith a BSPK modulation of 1.5 MHz. FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of aconventional communication device for transmitting and receiving RFsignals. A single antenna 404 may be used in this example for bothtransmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) modes. A Tx/Rx switch 408 may be coupledto the antenna 404 to select either the Tx chain or the Rx chaindepending on the mode during the time interval. The Rx chain typicallymay have an Rx filter 412 and an LNA 416. An additional Rx filter may beadded either before or after the LNA 416 or both depending on thefiltering level and the frequency range. An LNA may generally be used toamplify the Rx signal while adding as little noise and distortion aspossible to increase sensitivity. The Rx signal may be amplified andoutputted from the LNA 416 to a transceiver 420 to eventually reach abaseband processor 424, such as a modem. The Tx chain may have a poweramplifier (PA) 428 and a Tx filter 432. An additional Tx filter may beadded either before or after the PA 428 or both depending on thefiltering level and the frequency range. The Tx signal outputted fromthe transceiver 420 may be sent to the PA 428, where the Tx signal maybe amplified and outputted to the Tx filter 432, as illustrated in thisembodiment, and sent to the antenna 404. The transceiver 420 may includevarious circuits to process the RF signals. These circuits arerepresented in FIG. 4, as an Rx signal processing circuit 436 for the Rxchain and a Tx signal processing circuit 440 for the Tx chain. The Rxsignal processing circuit 436 may include a down converter fordown-converting the frequency, a demodulator for demodulating themodulated signal, an analog to digital converter to generate digitalsignals to be inputted to the baseband processor 424, and asynchronization function for synchronizing in time the incoming symboldata stream from the remote transmitter and with the receiver.

In the conventional RF communication device such as illustrated in FIG.4, the LNA 416 amplifies the Rx signal while, typically, adding aslittle noise and distortion as possible. As explained earlier, the LDAsystem can provide amplified signals while minimizing unwanted noise.Therefore, a new type of RF communication device with enhancedperformance levels may be provided by replacing the LNA 416 with the LDAsystem 300 by coupling the RF output, OUTPUT B, to the transceiver 420,as indicated with the dotted box in FIG. 4. Alternatively, the LDAsystem may be added as the first amplification stage as a receivesensitivity booster to complement the LNA. The Rx filter 412 and othercomponents may also be included in the LDA system. In an embodiment, theRx filter 412 may be removed or significantly relaxed (i.e. lower order,less frequency out-band rejection, and more affordable) because the LDAis frequency selective and acts as an active filtering device with highskirt ratio. In the case where the communication device is a WiFisystem, the RF signal at about 2.4 GHz may be amplified by the LDAsystem 300 and outputted into the transceiver 420, which includes a downconverter. A typical down converter converts a digitized signal centeredat an intermediate frequency to a baseband signal centered at very lowfrequency. Therefore, by taking the RF Rx signal at about 2.4 GHz fromthe RF output, OUTPUT B, of the LDA system 300, the existing transceivertechnology, including a down converter, may be used without modificationto obtain the down converted signal on the order of 20 MHz to 40 MHz forWiFi (IEEE 802.11b to 802.11n) before sending the signal to the basebandprocessor 424.

Other applications may concern sub-1 GHz narrow band transceivers foruse at 168 MHz, 433 MHz or 868 MHz, where the modulated signal bandwidthmay be as low a few KHz.

Yet other applications may concern satellite communication, forinstance, GPS at 1.5 GHz, where the received radio signal is at a verylow power level. The LDA may be a candidate as a receive booster forsuch very low received levels and relative low data rate applications.

Yet other applications may concern a very high frequency such as the 60GHz band where a simple electronic topology with very fast transistorsis needed. The 60 GHz CMOS process may be used to design such a receivebooster or an LNA replacement to provide very sensitive receivers.

Yet other applications may concern WLAN communication standards, such asIEEE 802.11a-c (with 20 MHz to 160 MHz bandwidth at 5-6 GHz), BLUETOOTH,Z-Wave, Zigbee, DECT, DECT 6.0, DECT at 2.5 GHz, and so on.

Yet other applications may concern cellular communication standards,such as AMPS, PCS, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), CDMA, IS-95, cdmaOne, CDMA2000,Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Digital AMPS(IS-136/TDMA), and Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), 3G, 4G,WIMAX, LTE in various frequency bands from a few 100 MHz to a few GHz.

Yet other applications may pertain to various modulated communicationsignals transmitted from a wireless or wired system through cable, apower wire, a telephone wire, a fiber optic, and so on where the powerof the carrier and/or the modulated signal is desired to be amplifiedwith high sensitivity and with low addition of noise and furtherprocessed by a receiver unit.

The LDA system in FIG. 3 may amplify either a CW RF signal(un-modulated) or an RF carrier signal with a modulation signal. Themodulation signal may be either analog amplitude, frequency modulationor phase modulation, respectively abbreviated as AM, FM, PM, or digitalmodulation such as ASK, OOK, quadrature m-AM, FSK, MSK, GFSK, GMSK,4-FSK, 4GMSK, m-FSK, PSK, QPSK, m-QAM, all of which are abbreviationsknown in the art for different types of modulation. More complexmodulations may be used, such as FH-SS, DS-SS, OFDM, MIMO N×N with BPSK,QPSK, m-QAM, and OFDM, which are also abbreviations known in the art. Ina general sense, the LDA system 300, as illustrated in FIG. 3,regenerates and amplifies with high receive sensitivity and low noisefigure the input signals from INPUT within its regeneration frequencybandwidth, and outputs the signals without frequency conversion (i.e.,with same frequency, same spectrum) on OUTPUT B. This includes carrierand modulation.

As mentioned earlier, the LDA system 300 may be implemented in thecommunication device of FIG. 4 as a receive booster, not by replacingthe LNA 416, but rather by adding the LDA system 300 in a complimentaryfashion within the receive path between blocks 412 and 416. In thisconfiguration the receive sensitivity may be increased by virtue of theLDA high receive sensitivity, low noise figure, and amplification.

In another embodiment, the filter 412 may be removed since the LDAsystem may be a selective frequency circuit due to a pulsed oscillatorand amplifier that has an increased skirt ratio. This may replace thefilter 412 and even exceed the out-of-band rejection performance.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a circuit configuration of the LDAsystem 300. The isolation circuit may be coupled to the input port andused to filter out power leaks, reflected signals, and otherinterference effects from the surrounding circuits to protect the Rxchain, and as explained earlier to avoid the reduction of regenerationefficiency or radiated power leaks as EMI. The isolation circuit mayinclude a circulator for the isolation purpose. Older types ofcirculators tend to be bulky and include expensive ferromagneticelements. New types of circulators may include nano-ferromagneticstructures and metamaterials that permit significant reductions in size.Instead of a circulator, the isolation circuit may be configured to havean LNA, or any passive or active device, which may provide enhanced gain(for an active circuit), isolation, signal-to-noise ratio, andbandwidth. The matching network may be used for impedance matchingand/or phase correction purposes. The matching network may be criticallycoupled to the input section of the amplifying circuit, via a capacitorC2 in this embodiment. Under-coupled coupling may affect theregeneration process adversely because not enough input energy isinjected in the LDA. In the opposite case where the system isover-coupled, the regeneration may also be affected because too muchinput energy is transferred to the LDA. The amplifying circuit may beconfigured to amplify the input signal and may include any suitableamplifying element, such as an operational amplifier, a BJT, a FET, anRF amplifier, or other discrete transistor.

In the logarithmic detector in FIG. 1, the resonant circuit 108 may becoupled in parallel with the amplifying circuit 104, forming a feedbackloop. In contrast, the LDA system of FIG. 5 may include the resonantcircuit coupled in series with the amplifying circuit at the output sideof the amplifying circuit, and a capacitor C1 coupled in parallel withthe amplifying circuit. Alternatively, the resonant circuit may becoupled in series with the amplifying circuit at the input side of theamplifying circuit. The frequency of operation may be set by choosing Lvalues and C values in the resonant circuit. The oscillations may be setup in the amplifying circuit at the frequency so determined. Thesampling circuit may be coupled to the amplifying circuit through adiode D1 in this embodiment. The sampling circuit may be configured toeffectively sample the current flowing in the voltage supply line to theamplifying circuit; once a predetermined threshold is reached, thesampling circuit may act to cease the oscillation. That is, the samplingcircuit may be used to periodically interrupt the oscillation each timewhen the threshold is reached. Similar to the logarithmic detectorillustrated in FIG. 1, the output from the sampling circuit may thus bea series of voltage spikes, F_rep. The F_rep may be outputted fromOUTPUT A or simply terminated without being outputted.

To output signals at the RF frequency without affecting the propertiesof the LDA system, the resonant circuit of the LDA system in FIG. 3 orFIG. 5 may be configured differently from the resonant circuit 228 ofthe LDA system 200 in FIG. 2. There may be various techniques that maybe employed to achieve this goal. FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of aresonant circuit for outputting RF signals without affecting the LDAproperties. This resonant circuit may include two main parts: a seriesresonant circuit portion and a parallel resonant circuit portion. Inthis figure, VCC represents a DC voltage supply, the input port of theresonant circuit may be configured to be coupled to the amplifyingcircuit, and the output port may be coupled to OUTPUT B for outputtingRF signals. The series resonant portion may include a capacitor CS andan inductor LS, providing a series resonance. The parallel resonantcircuit portion may include an inductor LP in parallel with splitcapacitors CP1 and CP2 and a third capacitor CC coupled to the commonnode of CP1 and CP2. By determining the values of CP1, CP2, and CC so asto critically couple each other and optimize for the output impedance,the RF signal may be optimally tapped out. Furthermore, some of theinductors and the capacitors in the parallel resonant circuit portionmay be configured to be high Q inductors and high Q capacitors in orderto have a small bandwidth with enhanced sensitivity. Bandwidth may befurther determined by the instantaneous amplifier gain as well as theone-cycle quenching gain. Amplifier gain may be typically set by thecapacitor C1 in FIG. 5 and the bias level (voltage or current) of theamplifier.

FIG. 7A illustrates another embodiment of a resonant circuit foroutputting RF signals without affecting the LDA properties. In thisfigure, VCC represents a DC voltage supply, the input port of theresonant circuit may be configured to be coupled to the amplifyingcircuit, and the output port may be coupled to OUTPUT B for outputtingRF signals. This resonant circuit may include an inductor L1 coupled toVCC, a capacitor C1 coupled to OUTPUT B, and a resonator on the outputbranch. The resonator may include a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter,a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filter, or a crystal filter for passingsignals with RF frequencies, as well as a ceramic filter, a mechanicalfilter, an LC resonator, an active RC, a variation of RC or LC where Cis replaced with a variable capacitor, or an active component withvariable capacitance.

FIG. 7B illustrates another embodiment of a resonant circuit foroutputting RF signals without affecting the LDA properties, where adifferential input/output resonator may be used. In this figure, VCCrepresents a DC voltage supply; one of the input ports of the resonantcircuit may be configured to be coupled to the amplifying circuit, theother to VCC. One of the output ports may be coupled to OUTPUT B foroutputting RF signals, while the second output may be grounded. Thisresonant circuit may include an inductor L1 coupled to VCC, a capacitorC1 coupled to OUTPUT B, and a resonator with the differentialinput/output on the output branch. The resonator may be a surfaceacoustic wave (SAW) filter, a bulk acoustic wave (BAW), or a crystalfilter for passing signals with RF frequencies.

Three embodiments of resonant circuit configurations are described inFIGS. 6, 7A, and 7B above. In each configuration, the output branch mayadditionally include an isolator, e.g., an LNA having a low to mediumgain, so as to enhance the system isolation. In additional embodiments,the output branch may include a 50Ω pad. Alternative to the splitcapacitor CP1, CP2 configuration as illustrated in FIG. 6, the inductorLP may be split to LP1 and LP2, which may be coupled together with amutual inductance. In this configuration, the RF output signal may betapped onto one output node of LP2, while the second node may beconnected to ground in a single ended configuration. Some of these andother methods may be combined to configure the resonant circuit foroptimally outputting RF signals without affecting the LDA properties.

Referring back to FIG. 5, the LDA system may include the resonantcircuit coupled in series with the amplifying circuit at the output sideof the amplifying circuit. It should be noted that the resonant circuitmay be coupled in series with the amplifying circuit at the input sideof the amplifying circuit. FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of acircuit configuration of the LDA system 300, where the resonant circuitmay be coupled in parallel with the amplifying circuit as a feedbackcircuit. The resonant circuit may be configured to be input/outputsingle-ended or differential. The output side of the amplifying circuitmay be coupled to VCC through a choke L1, and a capacitor C1 is coupledto OUTPUT B. The rest of the circuit may be similar to the oneillustrated in FIG. 5. The resonant circuit may include an LC filter, aSAW filter, a BAW, a crystal filter, and so on for passing signals withRF frequencies. In the example of FIG. 8, VCC, L1, and C1 are shown asexternal elements to the resonant circuit.

FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a circuit configuration of theLDA system, where the resonant circuit may be coupled in shunt with theamplifying circuit at the input side of the amplifying circuit. Itshould be noted that the resonant circuit may be coupled in shunt withthe amplifying circuit at the output side of the amplifying circuit. Theother end of the resonant circuit may be shorted to ground. The resonantcircuit may be input/output single-ended or differential, and one of theoutputs may be left open in order to not load the circuit. The outputside of the amplifying circuit may be coupled to VCC through a choke L1,and a capacitor C3 may be coupled to OUTPUT B. The rest of the circuitmay be similar to the one illustrated in FIG. 5. In the example of FIG.9, VCC, L1, and C3 are shown as external elements to the resonantcircuit.

One or more resonant circuits may be used in the LDA systems illustratedherein. At least one resonant circuit may be coupled in series with theamplifying circuit at the input side or output side of the amplifyingcircuit. Alternatively, at least one resonant circuit may be coupled inparallel with the amplifying circuit. Yet alternatively, at least oneresonant circuit may be coupled in shunt with the amplifying circuit atthe input side or output side of the amplifying circuit. Furthermore, acombination of series, shunt, and parallel configurations may beemployed as well. Each of the resonant circuits may be configured toinclude one or more components selected from the group consisting of aSAW filter, a BAW filter, a crystal filter, a ceramic filter, amechanical filter, an LC resonator, an active RC, or a variation of RCor LC where C is replaced with a variable capacitor, e.g., a varicap, oran active component with variable capacitance. Additionally, thematching network may be configured to be coupled to the input, the RFoutput, or both, or can be omitted. Similarly, the isolation circuit maybe configured to be coupled to the input, the RF output, or both, or maybe omitted.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a topology where the LDA system maybe implemented in a phase lock loop (PLL). In FIG. 10, the schematic ofFIG. 3 is modified to provide additional features, such as an adjustablecapture frequency bandwidth that may be very narrow, the locking to areference frequency that may be a particular channel in the frequencyband of use, or where the reference frequency may be derived from theinput carrier frequency with a “carrier extraction circuitry” (not shownhere). The original OUTPUT B may be split into two by a power splitter:one may be the new OUTPUT B in FIG. 10, and the other may be the secondoutput that passes an output signal through an amplifier or attenuatorto feed a digital programmable or fix frequency divider by N. Thisdivider per N may include a frequency prescaler, where the maximumfrequency may be scaled up to microwave frequency. The resulting signalmay be compared to the reference frequency, F_reference, divided by afactor M with the use of a phase/frequency comparator. Thephase/frequency comparator may be analog or digital. The phasedifference may be fed to a low-pass filter through a 3-state switch anda charge pump such that the output voltage is kept constant in the lowpass filter when the switch is open. When the switch is closed, thecharge pump injects positive or negative current pulses that decrease orincrease the voltage at the output of the low pass filter. The outputvoltage of the filter may drive an input of the LDA core, VT, which mayvary the oscillation frequency in a voltage controller oscillator mode,where the LDA input may be a variable capacitance diode or a varicap,for instance, in the resonant circuit or another LDA input node wherethe DC voltage changes the oscillation frequency. The input of the LDAcore may be coupled through a matching circuit and an isolation circuitto INPUT. On the other side, the signal from OUTPUT A, which passesthrough a digital shaping circuit and an optional adjustable delayfunction, may drive the 3-state switch of the phase comparator. Byadjusting the division ratio N and M, the capture bandwidth of the PLLand LDA may be changed, adjusted, or programmed. The loop bandwidth maybe adjusted so as to be substantially slower than the lowest data rate.In that configuration, the PLL has a slow reaction time versus the datarate, and the data rate is not affected by the PLL loop trying tobalance the phase and frequency difference. The modulated input or datarate may pass through the PLL without affecting it and may beregenerated without the PLL. The LDA's high receive sensitivity is notaffected by the PLL, since the regeneration process is kept independentof the PLL.

A first application of LDA plus PLL may be to reduce the capturefrequency bandwidth and reduce the frequency bandwidth to a particularchannel of the band of use, for instance, channel 3 amongst 10 channels.This topology provides an electronically adjustable band pass filterfunction with an adjustable or fixed bandwidth. The LDA may be useful insuch an application because of its high skirt ratio (left and rightfrequency edge sharpness) and the fact that it may help to increase theselectivity and unwanted interference rejection of the receiver. Lockingthe LDA in a PLL may also make it possible to correct frequency driftwith temperature so that the default oscillation frequency of the LDAcore may be in relation with (N/M)*F_reference.

Other configurations of the LDA and PLL may be devised to provideadditional features. The reference frequency, F_reference, that drivesthe PLL phase comparator may be derived from a circuit that providessynchronization with the input receive symbol rate. By doing so, the LDAmay provide one quenching per symbol and in synchronicity with it. Thismay help to reduce the F_rep frequency to the same value as the inputmodulation signal. In the opposite case, F_rep must be at least twicethe input modulation to meet the Nyquist criteria.

While this document contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of an invention or of what may beclaimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particularembodiments of the disclosure. Certain features that are described inthis document in the context of separate embodiments can also beimplemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures that are described in the context of a single embodiment canalso be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in anysuitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be describedabove as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed assuch, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some casesbe exercised from the combination, and the claimed combination may bedirected to a subcombination or a variation of a subcombination.

1. A system for use in a receive chain of a communication device, thesystem comprising: an amplifying circuit configured to receive an inputsignal at an input of the system having a first frequency and togenerate an oscillation based on the input signal; a sampling circuitcoupled to the amplifying circuit and configured to terminate theoscillation based on a predetermined threshold so as to periodicallyclamp and restart the oscillation to generate a series of voltagespikes; and a first resonant circuit coupled to the amplifying circuitand configured to establish a frequency of operation of the system; anda second resonant circuit coupled to at least one of the first resonantcircuit or the amplifying circuit and configured to generate an outputsignal at an output of the system having a second frequency, the secondfrequency being substantially the same as the first frequency.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein: the second resonant circuit is coupled inseries with the amplifying circuit at an input side or an output side ofthe amplifying circuit.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein: the secondresonant circuit comprises a series resonant circuit portion coupled inseries with the amplifying circuit and a parallel resonant circuitportion coupled in parallel with the amplifying circuit.
 4. The systemof claim 1, wherein: the second resonant circuit comprises one or morecomponents, the one or more components optimized to match an outputimpedance.
 5. The system of claim 3, wherein: the parallel resonantcircuit portion includes an inductor coupled in parallel with twocapacitors and a third capacitor coupled to a common node between thetwo capacitors, wherein values of the inductor and the capacitors areconfigured to output the signal having the RF frequencies.
 6. The systemof claim 1, wherein: one or more of the first and second resonantcircuits comprise a plurality of components, one or more of which areconfigured to be of high Q.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein: the oneor more components include one or more of a SAW filter, a BAW filter, acrystal filter, a ceramic filter, a mechanical filter, an LC resonator,an active RC, a variation of RC or LC where C is replaced with avariable capacitor, or an active component with variable capacitance.8-13. (canceled)
 14. The system of claim 1, wherein: the system isconfigured to replace a low noise amplifier in the receive chain of thecommunication device. 15-16. (canceled)
 17. A system for use as acomplement of a low noise amplifier and configured to be placed beforeor after the low noise amplifier in a receive chain of a communicationdevice, the system comprising: an amplifying circuit configured toreceive an input signal at an input of the system having a firstfrequency and to generate an oscillation based on the input signal; asampling circuit coupled to the amplifying circuit and configured toterminate the oscillation based on a predetermined threshold so as toperiodically clamp and restart the oscillation to generate a series ofvoltage spikes; and a first resonant circuit coupled to the amplifyingcircuit and configured to establish a frequency of operation of thesystem; and a second resonant circuit coupled to at least one of thefirst resonant circuit or the amplifying circuit and configured togenerate an output signal at an output of the system having a secondfrequency, the second frequency being substantially the same as thefirst frequency.
 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising: a phaselock loop having an output split into a first output and a secondoutput, the second output being adapted as an input to a voltage rangefrequency divider feeding frequency/phase comparator, wherein thecomparator is configured to receive a second input signal F_referencefrequency divided by a factor M, wherein the comparator output driving alow pass filter through a switch, wherein the switch is enabled by adigitally shaped signal of a second output of the system, and whereinthe low pass is driving an additional input of the system. 19.(canceled)
 20. A method for improving receive sensitivity in a receivechain of a communication device, the method comprising: amplifying areceive input signal having a first frequency and generating anoscillation based on the input signal; sampling the amplified signal andterminating the oscillation based on a predetermined threshold so as toperiodically clamp and restart the oscillation to generate a series ofvoltage spikes; and establishing a frequency of operation by a firstresonant circuit; and outputting an output signal having RF frequenciessubstantially the same as the first frequency by a second resonantcircuit.
 21. A system for use in a receive chain of a communicationdevice, the system comprising: an amplifying circuit configured toreceive an input signal at an input of the system having a firstfrequency and generate an oscillation based on the input signal;sampling circuit coupled to the amplifying circuit and configured toterminate the oscillation based on a predetermined input signalamplitude threshold so as to periodically clamp and restart theoscillation to generate a series of voltage spikes; and a resonantcircuit coupled at an output of the amplifying circuit and configured toestablish a frequency of operation of the system and to generate anoutput signal at an output of the system having a second frequency, thesecond frequency being substantially the same as the first frequency.22. The system of claim 5, wherein: the two capacitors and the thirdcapacitor are critically coupled.
 23. The system of claim 3, wherein:the series resonant circuit portion includes a capacitor and an inductorcoupled in series.
 24. The system of claim 1, wherein: the secondresonant circuit includes at least an inductor, a capacitor, and aresonator.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein: the inductor is coupledin between the amplifying circuit and a voltage source, and wherein theresonator includes one or more of a differential input/output device, aSAW filter, a BAW filter, a crystal filter, a ceramic filter, amechanical filter, an LC resonator, an active RC, a variation of RC orLC where C is replaced with a variable capacitor, or an active componentwith variable capacitance.
 26. The system of claim 1, wherein: thesecond resonant circuit operates independently of the amplifyingcircuit.
 27. The method of claim 20, wherein: outputting the outputsignal is performed independently of establishing the frequency ofoperation.
 28. The method of claim 20, wherein: outputting the outputsignal includes optimizing the second resonant circuit to match anoutput impedance.
 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising:increasing a sensitivity of the receive chain by reducing a bandwidth ofat least one of the first or the second resonant circuits.
 30. Themethod of claim 29, wherein: the bandwidth is reduced by at least one ofselecting one or more high Q components of at least one of the first orthe second resonant circuits, setting an instantaneous amplifier gain ofthe receive chain, or setting a one-cycle-quenching gain of the receivechain.